A hydrothermal vent is a place in earth's surface where geothermally heated water comes out. They are common around places where tectonic plates are moving apart from one another. Under the sea, these vents might form features called black smokers.
Holger Jannasch worked for Wood Hole Oceanographic Institution and helped study the deep sea. He along with his institution were the first to study the deep ocean floor. They were able to bring samples back from the ocean floor that allowed them to study the species.
Alvin was the submarine used by the institution to gain access to the ocean floor. It was the first of its kind and had a robotic arm that allowed for gathering of specimens on the floor. This allowed for new information to be obtained that could not be seen before.
Tube worms were one organism that lived on the ocean floor. They are worm like invertebrates that anchors its tail to an underwater surface and secretes around its body a mineral tube, into which it can withdraw its entire body.
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